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South Sudan
- South Sudan is the world's youngest nation (independent 2011) and one of the most fragile, with ongoing security challenges, governance weaknesses, and massive humanitarian needs; doing business requires careful risk assessment and local partnerships.
- The economy is almost entirely dependent on oil revenues, which account for approximately 90% of government income; oil production has been severely disrupted by conflict and infrastructure damage.
- Cattle are central to many South Sudanese cultures, particularly Dinka and Nuer; cattle represent wealth, status, and social capital, and their cultural importance extends into business and social dynamics.
- English and Arabic are official languages; numerous local languages are spoken; English is the primary language of government and international business, though capacity varies widely.
- International organisations (UN, NGOs, donor agencies) are major economic actors; many business opportunities are linked to humanitarian and development programmes.
- The Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) peace process continues with delays in implementation, particularly regarding elections, security sector reform, and power-sharing arrangements.
- Oil production recovery is a strategic priority, with South Sudan seeking investment partners to restore and expand production; however, governance concerns, sanctions risks, and infrastructure challenges complicate investment decisions.
- Humanitarian needs remain acute, with millions displaced and food insecurity widespread; businesses operating in South Sudan typically engage with humanitarian supply chains and community support activities.
- Infrastructure is severely lacking across all sectors (roads, electricity, healthcare, education); basic infrastructure projects represent both a need and a business opportunity.
- Climate change (flooding, drought) exacerbates existing challenges; the Sudd wetland and Nile system are critical environmental and livelihood resources facing increasing pressure.
- Communication is respectful, hierarchical, and relationship-based; greetings and personal inquiries are essential before any business discussion.
- Elders and community leaders are treated with great deference; their opinions carry significant weight in any decision-making process.
- Oral communication traditions are strong; storytelling, proverbs, and communal discussion are primary modes of conveying important information.
- English is used for formal business and with international partners, but communication capacity varies significantly; patient, clear, and simple language is most effective.
- Sensitivity around ethnic identity, political allegiances, and the conflict is paramount; avoid taking sides or making assumptions about individuals based on their ethnic background.
- The economy is largely informal, with formal employment concentrated in government, oil companies, and international organisations; business operates through personal networks and relationships.
- Decision-making often involves extended community consultation, particularly when activities affect land, resources, or community interests; patience is essential.
- Infrastructure constraints (power, roads, communications) severely affect productivity; businesses must be self-sufficient in many operational aspects including power generation and logistics.
- Workers are resilient and adaptable, having survived and navigated extraordinary challenges; these qualities are strengths when channelled with proper support and training.
- Security considerations affect all aspects of business operations, including staff movement, supply chains, and asset protection.
- Greet respectfully with a handshake; showing deference to elders and leaders is essential; rushing past greetings signals poor character.
- Dress modestly and practically; Juba is hot, dusty, and underdeveloped, so practical clothing is appropriate, but maintain a professional appearance for formal meetings.
- Hospitality, even in challenging circumstances, is important; accept offers of food and drink graciously.
- Community engagement is essential before undertaking any business activity that affects local populations; seeking permission from community leaders is not optional.
- Be aware of armed presence and security dynamics; follow the advice of local security advisors and maintain a low profile.
- Juba International Airport is the main entry point, with connections to Nairobi, Addis Ababa, Kampala, and Khartoum; flight options are limited and schedules can be unreliable.
- Overland travel is extremely challenging: roads are largely unpaved and impassable during the rainy season (May-October); internal air charter is the most reliable means of reaching locations outside Juba.
- Medical facilities are extremely limited; comprehensive travel health insurance with medical evacuation coverage is absolutely essential; carry a personal medical kit.
- The South Sudanese Pound (SSP) is the currency but has been subject to severe inflation; US Dollars are the de facto business currency; carry sufficient cash as banking infrastructure is minimal.
- Security briefings from experienced local staff or security consultants are mandatory before travelling in South Sudan; the situation can change rapidly.
- Prioritise security and duty of care for your team above all else; employees in South Sudan face real physical risks, and leaders who demonstrate genuine care earn deep loyalty.
- Build relationships across ethnic lines while being sensitive to the realities of ethnic politics; inclusive leadership is both an ethical imperative and a practical necessity.
- Invest heavily in training and capacity building; the workforce has enormous potential but limited access to formal education and skills development.
- Be patient, flexible, and resilient; operating in South Sudan requires constant adaptation to challenging and changing conditions.
- Engage with communities and traditional leaders transparently; social licence to operate in South Sudan depends on genuine relationships and visible community benefit.